Statistics problems Essay Example for Free

Statistics problems Essay Based on a simple random sample of one hundred an analyst estimates the average hourly wage earned by workers in a city to be $30 and computes the margin of error to be $5. Can we conclude from this that most workers there earn between $25 and $35 per hour? Is the right interpretation for the margin of error? Polls showed the two main candidates in the 2004 presidential election were nearly tied on the day before the election. To predict the winner a newspaper would like to have a poll that has margin of error of less than 1%. Roughly how large a sample would be needed for such a poll? Chapter 8 6. A large population of overdue bills ha balances that follow a normal curve. When we take a sample of 100 of these the average is $500 and the SD is $100. (a) What statement can you make about the range $300 to $700? (b) What statement can you make about the range $480 to $520? 10. Pollsters try to determine whether or not a person is a â€Å"likely voter† before they count their opinion in a poll. If we assume 40% of the registered voters will actually vote, in a random sample of 100 registered voters we can be 95% confident that somewhere between ______ and ________ of them will actually vote. Fill in the blanks with numbers. 22. An investment firm with 10,000 clients would like to accurately forecast the average dollar amount their current customers will deposit over the coming year. They decide to telephone a random selection of 25 of their customers to ask how much they plan to deposit, and they would like to keep this sample as small as possible so the calls do not annoy too many customers. Since they will be multiplying his average by the total number of customers to get an overall forecast, they would like to accurately estimate this average with a margin of error of less than $4,000. Last year, the average deposit for all 10,000 clients was $25,000 with a standard deviation of $30,000 Do you think a sample of 25 is enough to give them the margin of error they want? If not, how large a sample do you suggest they need to take? Justify you answer with relevant calculations.

Past and Present Views on Gossip Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

Past and Present Views on Gossip Culture is constantly changing: the prevailing beliefs and trends of one period can vary substantially from those of another. A significant consequence of this cultural flux is gradual evolution in the meanings of some words. Since language is naturally tied to culture, it is not surprising that these changes occur. Words have meaning only in the context of the current social climate; therefore their definitions change synchronously with cultural progression. The meaning of the word gossip, for example, changed several times over, from its original definition of kindred relation to its present definition of empty talk. How did this progression take shape? As society adopted new trends and beliefs, the meaning of the word gossip changed from having religious connotations to having more social connotations. The original meaning of the word gossip had strong religious undertones, implying that society and culture then were very religious-minded. Stemming from the Middle English roots "god" and "sib", the word gossip referred to a person who sponsored a baptism and shared a spiritual rapport with another. During this time period, Christianity was a newly emerging religion, and one of its most sacred rituals was baptism. It was also becoming an increasingly important part of society and culture. Undermining baptism, therefore, would have been an insult to the religion, but associating it with spirituality would have been an avowal of Christianity, a recognition of this new force in people's lives. Sponsorship of a baptism and spiritual affinity were connected primarily because religion was such a predominant force at the time. However, the word gossip progressively lost its religious connot... ... "talking about other people, even in a negative way, is not just socially useful but indispensable" (Cohen B7). Cohen's point emphasizes that the driving force behind this etymological evolution is often change in the social environment, particularly in the attitudes of the people using a certain word. Gossip in its original sense was probably used in ecclesiastical circles. As ordinary people started using the term more frequently, the word gossip started to lose its religious undercurrents and slowly gained social connotations. Used by women, the term's definition evolved to reflect an activity shared by many of them. Today, the word's derogatory sense may reflect increased cynicism among people. As Cohen points out, though, the meaning of the word gossip is likely to change, and this change hints at possible trends - and kinds of people - society will face next.

Proposal Preventing School Dropout Essay

Introduction Currently, it is expected that all students should graduate from high school. Still, hundreds of students in American schools drop out of school before graduating. Many observations made clearly show that more students continue to drop out of schools and the goal ensuring that each student graduate from high school remains a pipe dream. It is becoming clear that the issues of students dropping out of school are related with the social and economic issues affecting the society and can not be dealt with separately. These social-economical issues include unemployment, poverty, social values, discrimination family, the welfare, drug abuse and child abuse. Students who drop out of school are forecasted to increase in future and create a bigger problem. Dropping out of school is a multifaceted problem of which there is no single solution for it. Putting emphasis on solving one element of the issue leads to the need of getting solutions for other related issues. Thus, that is why that a broad range of activities and agencies be involved to help solve the problem. The mission for proposal Having a mission statement is very important as it gives the proposal a direction and objectives and goals of the stated activities. The mission statement is; Ensuring that all students in schools graduates through creating partnership with schools, students, the community and all the stakeholders. How the proposals services is structured Having a clear structure of the proposal is very important in ensuring that proposed services are successful delivered. Accordingly, the proposal services will be structured in way that there is a division depending on the different services. Different divisions will carry out different services accordingly. For example, outreach program division, financing division and vocational training division. The resource path for proposal Financial resources human resource is important in implementing any proposals. In accordance to that the proposal will be financed from grants and aids from private or public bodies including the local government and the federal governments. The human resources will include professional who will work as volunteers and other social workers who will assist the in implementing the objectives and the goals suggested by the proposal. Individual who will carry out this proposal will be social workers, child workers professional, and psychologists. They will do this through conducting group sessions, taking with teachers concerned with students learning progress, doing parenting management and carrying out training skills in students homes. The content of proposal services It has been noted that any meaningful student dropout prevention program should offer strong educational alternatives, challenges, opportunities services and support to the students to assist them to be able to complete and graduate from their respective schools. For the purpose of this proposal program, the key areas that the proposal has identified are; accountably Instructional focus Community involvement School structure Relevancy and learning The above issues when well implemented will provide both the students and their parents with a holistic approach to motivate students to be able to complete school. The agency will coordinate its activities with schools, districts, students, parents and the whole community in carrying out its activities. This will ensure that the agency creates an effective school dropout prevention program. The agency will provide; Professional improvement activities Technical assistance Counselling Financial assistance The content of proposal services Any successful program to prevent students from dropping out of school has to use various strategies to support students’ achievements. I strongly thus suggest that the following programs have to be implemented in the program. Relevancy learning; This program has the ability to motivate a student to learn, the strategies provides a chance for the student to integrate more with the school and the community. The strategy will involve; Mentoring the student; where the student will be mentored by a mentor and be provided with academic support which address the student needs such as math, writing or reading competencies. Service learning; this aspect connects school learning to important community services and experiences. This will provide the student with real world situations and promote the student social, personal and academic growth. Civil responsibility and career development will also be covered here. Alternative schooling; this strategy provides students who may want to dropout with various options which can make the graduate from school. Such options includes, flexible scheduling, distance learning and technology and different program setting. How agency will link with proposal The proposal will be linked with the agency through the management and the outreach program. The program proposal will be carried out by the outreach program which will have a duty of implementing the proposal policies. Partnerships with other agencies with same objectives will be sought to ensure that proposal is well linked. How proposal services will be linked to communities Community participation in any program that involves the society as a whole is very important. Connecting the students to the community at large helps to remove what is seen as the â€Å"school barrier† and assists in providing chances for complete support and planning. It motivates the students towards their career advancement and participation. It also provides the students with the necessary interpersonal and social skills to make them be successful in life. Several strategies will have to be undertaken to achieve this goal, this are: Systemic renewal; it calls for involving the community and other stake holders in regular process of assessing the objectives and in planning, and formulating   policies to prevent students from dropping out of the school. This will also require using the available data, analysing the school system and evaluating the progress made by the students. Community collaboration; community collaboration is beneficial to both the students and the school community. This will help to put up strong infrastructure ad also support the teaching staff with the current complex objectives and goals for the current students. Conflict resolution; an all-inclusive program to build interpersonal skills, enhance conflict resolution ability, and building awareness to prevent violence highly promotes the success of dropout prevention program. Conflict resolution creates an enabling environment and for the young youths (students) to achieve in the society. How you will see implementation of proposal For this proposal to be useful, it has to be implemented by the responsible bodies. Thus, the proposal suggest that the school have principals will have to implement strategies in their schools as suggested in the proposal. The district education board will ensure that the proposals are being carried out correctly. It will be expected that the implementation of the proposals will be done immediately. At the same time the community will be educated through social workers on importance on school dropout programs. Personal effective; carrying out retreat program designed to improve student’s self esteem, through regular classroom- based discussion, participation on interpersonal relations, and individual counselling. Academic; this will be achieved by providing special educational courses, instruction methods that are individualized. Family outreach; this will include home visits and feedback strategies. Work related; this program strategy will involve vocational training, service program and partaking in volunteer service. To ensure that the proposal program is carried out effectively, there will be a project coordinator who will work together with different groups to coordinate activities for effective implementation Evaluating the impact of proposal service on the people you intend to benefit from your proposal To analyse the effectiveness of the proposed program, regular reviews of the number students attendance will be examine in specific schools where the program will be being carried out to analyze the impact of the program. The assessment will be based on measuring the percentage of dropout in schools that have carried out the proposal suggestions. Other measures as the impact of rate of school attendance will also be measured, to ascertain the counselling and interpersonal training effects of the program on the specific students.   Emphasizing the rational reasoning for each of the nine recurring policy issues To support the policies of the proposal research and studies finding will be used. Also practical field experience will be collected and data complied to support the measures of the proposed policies. The results of the proposed proposals from the field will be used to emphasize the measures taken. This will be supported by interviews from participants and from the schools where the program will be carried out. Social work ethical dilemmas does your proposal recognize and address The proposal recognizes the social issue of keeping research information confidential and protecting participants of in the program. All participants observation notes, responses and personal information will be held in the strictest of confidence and will not be revealed even after the study has concluded.   All participants will be required to sign a confidentiality statement and will be encouraged vehemently to concur with the terms of the agreement. (Addressing the `digital divide Technology remains important in facilitated education across the board. Technology allows schools and teachers to carry out effective teaching and educational programs. Schools with well technological equipments have been observed to perform better than those with poor technological facilities. Technology remains in schools and in programs to prevent school dropouts. The implications of lack of access to and or skill in using information Observations show that those schools with better technology have high chances of retaining their students in schools than those with poor technology. At the same time students who have access to computers and other technology equipments are like not to dropout of school than those who do not have the access to technology. Technology such as computer also allows a student to continue with studies for instance by use of distance learning which limits dropout rates. Thus, the badly impacted groups due to lack of technology will be students and teachers Ways to change this lack of access and skills into easy and quick Students and schools can be assisted to access technology through grants and/or financial or technology assistance to equip these schools. Students on the other hand can be trained on technology, given aid in terms of technology or learning materials on the technology. This has to be continuous process so that there lack of technology can be minimized through these programs. Also a program should be introduced in which to regularly train teachers on new technologies available so that they can be equipped with latest technology. Conclusion The issue of school dropouts remains crucial and alarming in the United States. Statistics continue to reveal that a large number of students dropout of schools before they can graduate. Thus, it is important that the issue be addressed fully, it has been noted that school dropout is a social issue that requires to be tackled by different ways to solve it. Some of these ways include involving the community, counselling students and availing technology to both schools and students. However, school dropout problem will continue to challenge the education policy makers in the country.

Conversation Activity Best Friends and Worst Friends

The following exercise focuses on what students like best and least about friends. The exercise allows students to practice a number of areas: expressing opinions, comparatives and superlatives, descriptive adjectives and reported speech. The overall concept of the lesson can easily be transferred to other subject areas such as holiday choices, choosing a school, perspective careers, etc. Activity Practice expressing opinions and reported speech. Choosing which qualities would make a best friend and which qualities would make an undesirable friend. Best Friend — Friend from Hell: Outline Help students activate vocabulary by asking them for descriptive adjectives describing good friends and bad friends. Distribute worksheet to students and ask them to put the descriptive adjectives/phrases into the two categories (Best Friend — Undesirable Friend). Put students into pairs and ask them to give explanations for why they have chosen to put the various descriptions into one or the other of the categories. Ask students to pay careful attention to what their partner says and take notes, as they will be expected to report back to a new partner. Put students into new pairs and ask them to tell their new partner what their first partner has said. As a class, ask students about any surprises or differences of opinion they encountered during the discussions. Extend the lesson by a follow-up discussion on what makes a good friend. Exercise Instruction Put the following adjectives/phrases into one of the two categories: best friend or undesirable friend.  Take notes on the preferences of your partner. confident in his/her abilitieshandsome or beautifultrustworthyoutgoingtimidpunctual intelligentfun-lovingrich or well offartistic abilitiesinquisitive mindpossess athletic abilitieswell-traveledcreativefree spiritspeaks English wellinterested in the same thingsinterested in different thingsfrom the same social backgroundfrom a different social backgroundloves to tell storiesrather reservedambitiousplans for the futurehappy with what he/she has